Casement and similar window.



4 SHEETSSHEET 1 PATBNTED MAY 8, 1906.

O. D. TABOR. GASEMBNT AND SIMILAR WINDOW. APPLIOATION FILED 001a, 1904.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 2 PATENTED MAY 8 l, w/ flI v m. 4 l y I J 0. D. TABOR.GASEMENT AND SIMILAR WINDOW.

APPLICATION FILED 00T.3, 1904.

No. 820,027. PATENTED MAY 8, 1906. G.D.TABOR.

GASEMENT AND SIMILAR WINDOW.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 4.

. 4 SHEB TTTTTTTT 3.

No. 820,027. PATENTED MAY 8, 1906. C. D. TABOR. CASEMENT AND SIMILARWINDOW APPLICATION FILED OCT-3, 1904.

4 SHEETS-SHEET 4 2 2, Fig. 1.

UNITED STATES CLINTON D. TABOR, OF NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, ASSIGNOR TO TABORPAENT OFFICE.

SASH COMPANY, OF NEWARK, NEW JERSEY.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented May 8, 1906.

Application filed October 3, 1904. Serial No. 226,952.

To all whom it may concern.-

Be it known that I, CLINTON D. TABOR, a citizen of the United States,residing at N ew ark, in the county of Essex and State of New Jersey,have invented new and useful Improvements in Casement and SimilarWindows, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to that class of windows in which the sashes arepivoted to turn horizontally in the frame and which are commonly knownas casement-windows.

The objects of this invention are to improve the pivotal connectionbetween the sash and frame, to simplify and render more effective themeans for lifting the sash and holding the same in its lowered position,to provide automatic means for holding the free ends of the sashesagainst horizontal movement when in their lowered and closed position,and to improve the window in other respects.

In the accompanying drawings, consisting of four sheets, Figure 1 is afront elevation of French casement-window containing a pair of sashesand embodying my improvements. Fig. 2 is a horizontal section thereof inline Fig. 3 is a fragmentary vertical section, on an enlarged scale, inline 3 3, Fig. 1, showing the sash in its lowered and closed position.Fig. 4 is a view similar to Fig. 3, showing the sash raised to permit ofturning the same horizontally into an open position. Fig. 5 is afragmentary vertical longitudinal section, on an enlarged scale, showingthe automatic catch or lock for holding the free end of the sash againsthorizontal movement, said section being taken in line 5 5, Fig. 6. Fig.6 is a fragmentary cross-section of the same, taken in lines 6 6, Figs.1 and 5. Figs. 7 and 8 are views similar to Fig. 5, showing thepivot-fixtures at the upper and lower ends of one of the sashes. Fig. 9is a bottom plan view of the automatic catch or look for holding thefree end of the sashes in place. Figs. 10 and 11 are detached bottom andtop plan views of those parts of the sash-pivot and lifting-fixturewhich are applied to the frame. Fig. 12 is a bottom plan view of thoseparts of the same fixture which are applied to the sash. Fig. 13 is adetached elevation of the sash-lifting handle and cam. Fig. 14is abottom plan view of the sash-lifting handle. Fig.

15 is a top plan view of the sash-lifting cam.

Fig. 16 is a fragmentary cross-section of the upper part of the window,showing the means for holding the sash in a more or less open position.Fig. 17 is a detached sectional view of said holding means, the sectionbeing taken in line 17 17, Fig. 16. Figs. 18 and 19 are top and bottomplan views of the two members of the sash-holding device which areapplied, respectively, to the sash and frame.

Similar letters of reference indicate corresponding parts throughout theseveral views.

In the drawings my improvements are shown applied to a Frenchcasement-window which contains a pair of sashes; but the im: provementsare equally applicable to a case. ment-window having but one sash.

The frame of the window consists, essentially, of a lower horizontalmember or sill A, an upper horizontal member or head B, and two verticalside jambs O 0, connecting the head and sill, which parts areconstructed in any usual and well-known manner.

4 D D represent a pair of sashes which are arranged in the frame so thattheir inner free ends or vertical edges oppose each other, while theirouter ends are pivoted on the adjacent parts of the frame, so that thesashes can move vertically for looking or unlocking the same and alsoturn horizontally for opening and closing the same.

When the sashes are closed and lowered, their lower rails 01 rest on ahorizontal stool or bed a, which is secured to the sill, their outerstiles d bear against vertical stops a on the frame-jambs, their innerstiles d are connected by an astragal joint consisting of a strip E,secured to the vertical inner edge of one sash and provided with agroove e, which receives the vertical inner edge of the other sash, andtheir upper rails d engage with a weatherstrip or follower which isarranged in a longitudinal channel or recess f in the under side of vthe frame-head and is preferably divided at or near the meeting-line ofthe inner vertical edges of the sashes, as shown at f, so as to form twosections F F.

The lower rails of the sashes and the stool are constructed to formshoulders which interlock and prevent horizontal turning of the sash andalso form aweather-tight joint between the frame and sashes in thelowered and closed position of the latter. This oint is preferablyformed by means of a rib 9, ar- I ranged on top of the stool andengaging with a groove 9 in the under side of the lower-sash rails, asshown in Fig. 6.

Each of the sashes is provided at its lower end, adjacent to its outerside, with a pivoting and lifting device, which is constructed asfollows: H represents a casing arranged on the stool next to theadjacent frame-jamb and projecting laterally inward therefrom. EX-tending upwardly from the top of this casing in line with the rib of thestool is a hollow stud h, which engages with a socket in the under sideof the opposing sash-rail for producing a pivotal connection between theframe and sash. This socket consists of an inner section or boX I, whichis arranged in a. recess formed in the under and inner sides of thelower-sash rail and opens downwardly and laterally, and an outer sectionor plate I, secured to the inner face of the box-section by screws orotherwise, so as to close the opening in the side of said box-section.The bearing for the stud h is formed by the semicylindrical back of thesocket in the section I and a lug 'i, arranged on the inner side of theouter section I, as shown in Fig. 12, said back and lug engaging withopposite sides of the stud, as shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The uper side ofthe casing is provided with a ongitudinal rib h, which engages with acorresponding groove 11 in the under side of the vsocket when the sashis in its lowered and closed position, said rib and groove h i formingcontinuations of the corresponding rib and groove 9 g of the stool andlower-sash rail.

The device for lifting the sash comprises a lifting rod or stem J, arock-lever K, a camL,

and a handle M. The liftingrodis arranged vertically in the hollow studand bears at its upper end against the bottom of the socket on the sash.The sash is'free to turn horizontally relatively to the lifting-rod; but

with its inner arm against a shoulder k on the lower end of thelifting-rod. The rock-lever and rod are compelled to move together by a55,

pin k projecting laterally from the inner arm of the rock-lever into.ahorizontal slot Win the lower end of the lifting-rod, as shown in Figs.4 and 8. The cam Lrotates' in a horizontal plane and bears against theupper side of the outer arm of the rock-lever. This cam is soconstructed that when turned forwardly one-quarter of a turn therock-lever will be shifted and the lifting-rod andsash will be raisedsufficiently to disengage the rib and groove of the sash and stool,permitting the sash to be turned open horizontally. The cam is pivotedby means of a cylindrical hub Z, formed on the upper side thereof and journaled in a circular opening Z, formed in the top of the casing. Thecam is held in p0 sition in its bearing by means of the handle M, whichis arranged on top of the casing and secured at its inner end to theupper end of the cam-hub by a screw m. The inner part of the handle islarger than the bearing and overhangs the top of the casing, therebyforming a shoulder which sup orts the cam from the top of the casing, ass own in Figs. 3 and 4. When the cam is turned into the position inwhich the sash is lowered, the handle M is arranged parallel'with thesash, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, in which position the handle is out ofthe way and not liable to be interfered with. When the cam' is turnedone-quarter for raising the sash, the. handle projects from the sash atright angles thereto, as shown in Fig. 4. For the purpose'of positivelycompelling the cam and handle to always turn together and remainin'position relatively to each other these parts are'interlocked by aradial feather or rib Z ,"formed underneath the inner end of the handleand engaging with a corresponding groove Z in the top of the cam, asshown in Figs. 13'to 15.

Means are provided for arresting the movement of the cam and handle atthe end of a quarter-turn in either direction. The preferred means forthis purpose consists of a stop m, arranged on the underside of thehandle and engaging with stops or shoulders m on the casing H, saidhandle-stop being formed by an outward extension of the feather Z andsaid shoulders being formed by means of asegmental enlargement or recessin one side of the bearing in which the cam is j ournaled, as shown inFig. 10.

In order to prevent the'sash from being lifted'from the outside when thesame has been closed and loweredupon the stool, a locking lip or lug Zis"arranged' below'the highest part of the cam and connected with thehub thereof, preferably by casting the same integrally therewith. Thespace below 'the remaining portion of the cam iswholly unobstructed.During the last part of the clo'sing'or backward movement of the cam thelip Z thereof passes underneath-the'elevated outer arm of therock-lever, as shown in Fig. 3. The rock-lever is thus held againstturning,'and any attempt to raise thesash-directly is prevented, therebydispensing with the use of a separate lock for this purpose. If

the handle of the lifting device shouldbe' inadvertently turned inwardlyinto "its closed position while the sash' is still swung =openhorizontally, the cam will be simply turned backward idly, inasmuch asthe sash cannot descend, but remains resting in its elevated position onthe rib of the stool. While thus turned backwardly idlythe lip 1 of thecam passes over the outer arm of the rock-lever instead of underneaththe same and prevents the latter from turning in the direction forallowing the sash'to close when the same is subsequently turned into itsclosed position. All

that is necessary when this occurs is to turn the cam forwardlysufiiciently to remove the locking-lip from above the rock-lever, whenthe lever is released and the sash is permitted to drop into its loweredposition on the stool. Upon now again moving the cam into its rearmostposition the lip .1 is carried underneath the rock-lever, and the sashis locked in its lowered position. By thus arranging a locking-lip onlyopposite the rear end of the cam the lifting device can be turned intoits closed position without liability of breaking any parts, which wouldbe liable to occur ifthe rock-lever were moved positively in bothdirections by a ooved cam engaging con- 1 stantly with both sides of therock-lever.

The weather-strip or follower F F is provided on its under side with alongitudinal tenon or rib n, which normally engages with a correspondinggroove n in the upper edge of the upper-sash rail, as shown in Fig. 6.The outer end of the top rail of each sash and the opposing part of theweather-strip are provided with metal face-plates O P, which areprovided with a cooperating groove and tenon 0 respectively,formingcontinuations of the groove and tenon in the adjacent parts of thesash-rail and weather-strip.

Q, represents the upper pivot-pins whereby the upper .ends of the sashesare pivoted on the head of the frame. The pivot-pin of each sash isvertically in line with the companion lower pivot-stud and is providedat its upper end with a base-plate g, which is secured to the bottom ofthe channel in the frame-head. The lower end of each upper pivot-pinprojects downwardly through coinciding openings formed in theweatherstrip, sash-plate O, and strip-plate P and into a recess formedin the upper-sash rail below its plate 0. The base plate of thepivot-pin is preferably secured to the frame head by screws 1" assingthrough longitudinal slots 1* in the p ate, as shown in Fig, 7. B thismeans the pivot-pin can be adjuste relatively to the lower pivot wheninstalling the window or for the purpose of taking up wear.

Srepresents a spring surrounding the pivotpin and bearing at itsopposite ends against the base of the pin and the upper side of thestrip-plate.

The upper side of the weather-strip is inclined inwardly, and thechannel in the frame- .head is of sufficient depth to permit the stripto be raised with the sash and also rocked or tilted by the wed geaction of the cooperating rib and groove of the weather-strip and sashupon turning the latter horizontally.

In the lowered position of the sash the weather-strip rests with its ribin engagement with the top groove of the sash and is separated by anintervening space from the bottom of the channel in the frame-head, asshown in Fig. 3. Upon raising the sash by means of the lifting devicethe weather-strip is raised with the same until its high rear edgeengages or nearly engages with the bottom of the channel, as shown inFig. 4. By now turning the sash horizontally while thus elevated theinclined surfaces of the cooperating groove and rib of the sash andweatherstrip cause the latter to be tilted or rocked in a verticalplane, as shown in Fig. 16, until the groove and rib are disengaged,said strip turning with its high part on the bottom of the channel asafulcrum during this rocking movement. I

For the purpose of holding the sash in position when turned horizontallyinto a more or less open position a holding or retaining device isprovided which is constructed as follows: T represents a shelf extendinghorizontally outward from the sash-plate O and provided on its upperside with a segmental row or series of teeth or lugs tfforming aplurality of depressions or recesses between the teeth. U represents asingle tooth formed centrally on the under side of the strip-plate P andadapted to cooperate with the teeth t. Upon turning the sashhorizontally, so that one or another of the spaces between two teeth 25are engaged by the tooth of the weatherstrip, the sash will beyieldingly held in this position, owing to the pressure of the spring S,which constantly tends to move the weatherstrip downwardly against thesash. Inasmuch as the retaining-teeth t are subjected to wear, the sameare preferably so constructed that they can be made of harder materialthan the shelf supporting the same and can also be renewed when wornout. For this purpose the teeth t are formed on a separate plate t,which is secured in a recess 19 in the upper side-of the shelf by anysuitable means, but preferably by means of a teat 4), projectingupwardly from the shelf through an opening in the tooth-plate and havingits upper end riveted over said plate, as shown in Figs. 3 and 4.

For the purpose of securely locking the inner or free upper parts of thesash against horizontal movement when in their normal lowered positionin the frame the following means are provided: W represents alockinglever mounted on the weather-strip near the vertical jointbetween the sashes. This lever is arranged lengthwise of theweatherstrip and pivoted to turn in a vertical plane in a casing w,which is seated in an opening w, extending vertically through therespective strip-section. One arm of the lockinglever is provided with alocking nose or pin w which projects downwardly through'an opening 'w inthe casing and is adapted to engage with a recess 00 in the top of thesash D This recess is linedwith a metal thimblew for preventing unduewear thereof and maintaining the lock in operative condition. Theopposite arm of the locking lever is adapted to bear against the bottomof the frame-channel preferably by means of an adjusting-screw y, thehead of which is arranged at itslower end and is accessible through anopening 11/ in the bottom of the casing for adjusting the position ofthe screw relatively to the bottom of the channel. The lower side of thecasing containing the locking-lever is preferably flush with the underside of the weatherstrip, and the two openings to y at opposite endsthereof are connected by. a longitudinal slot 2, in which thelocking-lever plays, as shown in Figs. 5 and 9. While the sash is in itsclosed and lowered position, the

locking-lever is turned, so that the lockingpin on one of its armsprojects downwardly below the weather-strip and into the thimble of thesash, and the screw on its opposite arm engages or nearly engages withthe bottom of the channel in the frame-head, as shown by being openedfrom the outside by unauthorized persons. Upon raising the sash fordisengaging itslower edge from the stool that arm of the locking-levercarrying the screw is held againstupward movementby reason of its screwabutting against the frame-head,

thereby causing the lever to be turned inthe direction for raising itsother arm and lifting the locking-pin out of engagement from the sash,as represented by dotted lines in Fig. 5. The sash can now be freelyturned horizontally into an open position. The locking-'la ver remainsin its inoperative position during the time the sash is swung open, andwhen the latter is again closed and lowered, together with the sash, thelocking-lever is automatically turned into its operative position bygravity, in which it engages its pin with the sash and holds the sameagainst turning, If desired, locking device of this character maybeemployedion the inner end of each weather-strip section; but where thetwo sashes are connected by anastragal joint,

as shown in the vdrawings, only one locking device is required, and thisis preferably mounted on that section of the weather-strip which engageswith the sash carrying the astragal strip'Ef When thus equipped, the

single locking device: holds the inner upper sauna? part of the sash Fagainst swinging horizon= tally, and the latter'in turn holds the "othersash F against moving in'the same'dire'otion by means of the astragalstrip E,'which couples thesame;

I cl'aim'as my invention '1. The combination with a window comprising aframe member and a sash member capable of turning horizontally and alsomoving vertically, of a lifting device for the sash comprising a levermounted on one of said members and operatively connected with the othermember, and a cam for actuating said lever, substantially as set forth.

2. The combination with a window comprising a frame member and a sashmember capable of turning horizontally and also mov ing vertically, of aliftingdevicefor the sash comprising a lever mountedon one of saidmembers, a lifting-rod connecting said lever with the other member, anda cam for actuating said lever, substantially as set forth.

3. The combination with a window comprising a frame member and a sashmember capable of turning horizontally and also'moving vertically, saidmembers having'itheir lower parts constructed tointerlock in the loweredposition of the sash,'of a hollow stud arranged on one of said membersand engaging with a socket in the other member' for pivotally connectingthe same, a lifting-rod sliding vertically in said "stud and operativelyconnected at one end with'one'of said members and actuatingmeans"connected with the opposite endofsaid"rod,'substantially asset'forth.

4. The combination with a window comprisin a frame member and a sashmember capab e of turning horizontally and also moving vertically, saidmembers jhavingtheir lower parts constructed to interlock in the loweredposition of the sash, of a hollow stud arranged on one of said membersand engaging with a socket in the othermember for pivotally connectingthe same, -a rock-lever mounted on one of said members a liftingrodarranged in said stud and connecting said lever with the other member,and a cam for actuating said lever, substantially as set forth.

5. The combination with a window comprisin a frame member and a sashmember capab e of turning horizontally and also moving vertically, saidmembers having their lower parts constructed to interlock in the loweredposition of the sash, of a pivotal connection between said memberscomprising a stud secured to one of said'members and a socket whichreceives said stud consisting of an inner section or boxopeningdownwardly and laterally and seated in a downwardly and laterallyopening recess in the lower end of the other member, and an outersection or plate secured overthe'lateral opening of said 'boX,substantially as set forth.

.6. The combination with a window comprising a frame member and a sashmember capable of turning horizontally and also moving vertically, saidmembers having their lower parts constructed to interlock in the loweredposition of the sash, of a pivotal connection between said memberscomprising an upright stud secured to the lower part of the frame, and asocket consisting of a box secured to the lower part of said sash andhaving a rounded back which receives one side of the stud and a platesecured to the side of said box and having a lug bearing against theopposite side of said stud, substantially as set forth.

1 7. The combination with a window comprising-a frame member and a sashmember capable of turning horizontally and also moving vertically, saidmembers having their lower parts constructed to interlock in the loweredposition of the sash, of a pivotal connection between said memberscomprising a hollow stud secured to the frame, a socket secured to thesash and receiving said stud, and a lifting device for saidsash'comprising a rod movable vertically in said stud and bearing at itsupper end against the top of said socket, a lug arranged in said socketand engaging underneath a shoulder or collar on said rod, and actuatingmeans connected with the lower end of said rod, substantially as setforth.

8. The combination with a window comprising a frame member and a sashmember capable of turning horizontally and also moving vertically, saidmembers having their lower parts constructed to interlock in the loweredposition of the sash, of a pivotal connection between said memberscomprising a hollow stud secured to the frame, a socket secured to thesash and receiving said stud, and a lifting device for said sashcomprising a rod movable vertically in said stud and engaging its upperend with the top of said socket, a rock-lever pivoted on the frame andbearing with one arm against a shoulder on the lower part of said rodand also provided on said arm with a pin which projects laterallythrough a horizontal slot in the lower part of said rod, and a camengaging with the opposite arm of said rock-lever, substantially as setforth.

9. The combination with a window comprisin a frame member and a sashmember capable of turning horizontally and also mov ing vertically, saidmembers having their lower parts constructed to interlock in the loweredposition of the sash, of a pivotal connection between said memberscomprising a hollow stud secured to the frame, a socket secured to thesash and receiving said stud, and a lifting device for said sashcomprising a rod movable vertically in said stud and engaging its upperend with the top of said socket, a rock-lever connected at one end withsaid rod, a cam engaging over the oppoposition for lowering the sash,substantially as set forth.

10. The combination with a window comprising a frame member and a sashmember capable of turning horizontally and also moving vertically, saidmembers having their lower parts constructed to interlock in the loweredposition of the sash, of a pivotal connection between said memberscomprising a hollow stud secured to the frame, a socket secured to thesash and receiving said stud, and a lifting device for said sashcomprising a rod movable vertically in said stud and engaging its upperend with the top of said socket, a rock-lever connected at one end withsaid rod, a cam engaging over the opposite arm of said lever, and ahandle secured to said cam and interlocked therewith by a cooperatinggroove and feather formed respectively on the same, substantially as setforth.

11. Thecombination with a window comprising a frame member and a sashmember capable of turning horizontally and also moving vertically, saidmembers having their lower parts constructed to interlock in the 9lowered position of the sash, of a pivotal con nection between saidmembers comprising a hollow stud secured to the frame, a socket securedto the sash and receiving said stud, and a lifting device for said sashcomprising a rod movable vertically in said stud and engaging its upper.end with the top of said socket, a rock-lever engaging one of its armswith the lower end of said rod, a rotary cam engaging with the oppositearm of said lever, a handle secured to said cam, a casing supportingsaid stud, lever and cam, and a stop device for limiting the movement ofsaid cam consisting of a lug formed on the handle and cooperating withshoulders formed by a segmental recess in the bearing in which the camis journaled, substantially as set forth.

12. The combination of a frame, a sash turning horizontally in saidframe, a weatherstrip interposed between the top of the sash and theframe, and a segmental row of teeth mounted on the upper part of thesash and adapted to be engaged by a tooth on said strip upon turning thesash, substantially as set forth.

13. The combination of a frame, a sash turning horizontally in saidframe, a weatherstrip interposed between the top of the sash and theframe, a shelf arranged on the upper part of the sash and provided witha recess in its top, and a plate arranged in said recess and providedwith a segmental row of teeth which are adapted to be engaged by a toothpn 1tlhe weather strip, substantially as set ort 14. The combination ofa frame, asash V turning horizontally in said frame, a weathers'trcilpinterposed between the top of the sash an thefrarne, a pivot connectingthe lower parts of the sash and frame, cooperating plates applied to thefaces of the sash and Weather-strip, a pivot-pin secured to the top ofthe frame and extending downwardly through openings in the strip andsash-plates, a shelf projecting outwardly from the sashplate and havinga recess in its upper side, a plate seated in said recess and providedon its upper side with a segmental row of teeth arranged concentricallyrelative to said pivotpin, a tooth arranged on the strip-plate andconstructed to cooperate with the row of teeth mounted on the sash, anda teat projecting upwardly from said shelf through an opening in saidtooth-plate and having its upper end riveted over said plate,substantially as set forth.

15. The combination of a frame, a sash pivoted in the frame and alsomovable lengthwise of its pivot, a weather-strip interposed between theframe and sash and interlocking with the latter by a groove-and-rib'joint, and a locking device constructed and operating to couple saidsash and strip when theseparts are moved in one direction lengthwise ofsaid pivot and to uncouple said parts when the same are moved in theopposite direction lfengktlhwise of said pivot, substantially as set ort16. The combination of a frame, a sash pivoted in the frame and alsomovable lengthwise of its pivot, a weather-strip interposed between theframe and sash and interlocking with the latter by a groove-and-ribjoint, and a locking device for coupling and uncoupling the sash andstrip comprising a lever pivoted onsaid strip-and having one of its armsconstructed to engage with a recess in the sash and its opposite armconstructed to engage said frame, substantially as set forth.

seeds?" 17 The combination of a frame, asash piv- 4 5 oted in the frameand also movable lengthwise of its pivot, a weather-strip interposedbetween the frame and sash and interlocking with the latter by agroove-and-ribjoint, and a locking device for coupling and uncou lingthe sash and strip comprising a rockever pivoted on said strip andprovided on one arm with a pin adapted to engage with a recess in thesash while its opposite arm is provided with a screw adapted to engagewith said frame, substantially as set forth.

18'. The combination of a window-frame having a channel in the underside of its head, a sash. pivoted thereto at one edge to turnhorizontally and also capable of vertical movement, the lower parts ofsaid frame and sash being constructed to interlock by a groove-and-ribjoint in the lowered position of the sash, a weather-strip arranged withits upper part in said channel and cooperating on its under side withthe top of the sash by a grooveand-'rib joint, and a device for couplingthe strip with the free upper part of the sash comprising a casingsecured in a recess in the strip and having openings at opposite ends, alocking-lever pivoted in said casing to turn in a vertical plane andhaving one of its arms provided with a locking-pin which normallyprojects downwardly through one of said openings in the casing and intoa recess in the adjacent upper part of the sash While its opposite armis provided with a screw arranged in line with the other opening of thecasing and bearing against the bottom of the channel in the frame-head,substantially as set forth.

Witness my hand this 21st day of September, 1904.

- CLINTON D. TABOR.

Witnesses:

THE'o. L. POPP, E. M. GRAHAM.

